;; SUMMARY ;;;; Randomly punching holes in a sheet of material. ;; COPYRIGHT & LICENSE ;;;; Copyright (C) 2005 James P. Steiner ;;;; Some Rights Reserved. ;;;; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License v. 2.0. ;;;; Visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/ for more information. ;; globals [ cracked! cells borders edge-cells cell-count flaw-count t edge1-cells edge2-cells edge4-cells edge8-cells border-width holes ] patches-own [ cracked? connected? voided? edges edge1 edge2 edge4 edge8 border?] to setup ca set cracked! false set border-width 1 + int(flaw-size / 2) ask patches [ set cracked? false set connected? false set voided? false set border? false set edge1 false set edge2 false set edge4 false set edge8 false set edges [0] ] set cells patches with [ (abs pxcor) < max-pxcor - border-width + 1 and (abs pycor) < max-pycor - border-width + 1] set borders patches with [ (abs pxcor) >= max-pxcor - border-width + 1 or (abs pycor) >= max-pycor - border-width + 1] set edge-cells cells with [ is-edge1? or is-edge2? or is-edge4? or is-edge8? ] set edge1-cells edge-cells with [ is-edge1? ] set edge2-cells edge-cells with [ is-edge2? ] set edge4-cells edge-cells with [ is-edge4? ] set edge8-cells edge-cells with [ is-edge8? ] ask borders [ set pcolor black set connected? false set border? true ] ask cells [ set pcolor white ] set cell-count count cells set flaw-count 0 setup-plotting end to crack add-flaw propigate-edges if remove-voids? and ticks mod frequency = 0 [ remove-voids ] color-cells plot flaw-count set cracked! any? cells with [ (edge1 and edge2) or (edge4 and edge8) ] tick if cracked! [ stop ] end to-report check-if-cracked? report true end to add-flaw let new-x 0 let new-y 0 ifelse lines? [ line-flaw ] [ dot-flaw ] end to dot-flaw ask one-of cells [ ask cells in-radius flaw-size with [ not cracked? ] [ crack-it ] ] set holes holes + 1 end to line-flaw let cell one-of cells let angle random 360 let fx [ pxcor - .5 + random-float 1 ] of cell let fy [ pycor - .5 + random-float 1 ] of cell let fdx sin angle let fdy cos angle repeat flaw-size [ ask patch fx fy [ if not (cracked? or border? )[ crack-it ] ] set fx fx + fdx set fy fy + fdy ] set holes holes + 1 end to crack-it set cracked? true set pcolor black set flaw-count flaw-count + 1 set edge1 is-edge1? set edge2 is-edge2? set edge4 is-edge4? set edge8 is-edge8? end to-report is-edge1? report pxcor = max-pxcor - border-width end to-report is-edge2? report pxcor = border-width + min-pxcor end to-report is-edge4? report pycor = max-pycor - border-width end to-report is-edge8? report pycor = border-width + min-pycor end to propigate-edges ;; marks flaws with the edge the flaw is connected to, if any. propigate-edge1 propigate-edge2 propigate-edge4 propigate-edge8 end to propigate-edge1 let more? 0 let cracked-cells 0 let loose-cells 0 set cracked-cells cells with [ cracked? ] set loose-cells cracked-cells with [ not edge1 and any? neighbors with [ edge1 ] ] set more? any? loose-cells while [ more? ] [ ask loose-cells [ set edge1 true ] set loose-cells cracked-cells with [ not edge1 and any? neighbors with [ edge1 ] ] set more? any? loose-cells ] end to propigate-edge2 let more? 0 let loose-cells 0 let cracked-cells 0 set cracked-cells cells with [ cracked? ] set loose-cells cracked-cells with [ not edge2 and any? neighbors with [ edge2 ] ] set more? any? loose-cells while [ more? ] [ ask loose-cells [ set edge2 true ] set loose-cells cracked-cells with [ not edge2 and any? neighbors with [ edge2 ] ] set more? any? loose-cells ] end to propigate-edge4 let more? 0 let loose-cells 0 let cracked-cells 0 set cracked-cells cells with [ cracked? ] set loose-cells cracked-cells with [ not edge4 and any? neighbors with [ edge4 ] ] set more? any? loose-cells while [ more? ] [ ask loose-cells [ set edge4 true ] set loose-cells cracked-cells with [ not edge4 and any? neighbors with [ edge4 ] ] set more? any? loose-cells ] end to propigate-edge8 let more? 0 let loose-cells 0 let cracked-cells 0 set cracked-cells cells with [ cracked? ] set loose-cells cracked-cells with [ not edge8 and any? neighbors with [ edge8 ] ] set more? any? loose-cells while [ more? ] [ ask loose-cells [ set edge8 true ] set loose-cells cracked-cells with [ not edge8 and any? neighbors with [ edge8 ] ] set more? any? loose-cells ] end to remove-voids check-voids ;; finds uncracked cells not connected to any edge crack-voids ;; makes uncracked cells not connected to any edge drop out end to check-voids let more? 0 let whole-cells 0 let unconnected-cells 0 ask cells [ set connected? false ] ask edge-cells with [ not cracked? ] [ set connected? true ] set whole-cells cells with [ not cracked? ] set unconnected-cells whole-cells with [ not connected? and any? neighbors4 with [connected?] ] set more? any? unconnected-cells while [ more? ] [ ask unconnected-cells [ set connected? true ] set unconnected-cells whole-cells with [ not connected? and any? neighbors4 with [connected?] ] set more? any? unconnected-cells ] end to crack-voids ask cells with [ not connected? and not cracked? ] [ set voided? true crack-it ] end to color-cells ask cells with [ cracked? and (edge1 or edge2 or edge4 or edge8)] [ set-cell-color ] end to set-cell-color let rr 0 let bb 0 let gg 0 if edge1 [ set rr 194 ] if edge2 and not edge4 [ set gg 127 ] if edge4 and not edge2 [ set gg 194 ] if edge2 and edge4 [ set gg 255 ] if edge8 [ set bb 194 ] set pcolor rgb rr gg bb end to setup-plotting set-current-plot "Crack-Plot" set-current-plot-pen "Cracked" end to mark-time [ mssg ] print mssg + timer end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 230 10 441 242 100 100 1.0 0 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -100 100 -100 100 1 1 1 ticks CC-WINDOW 5 344 450 439 Command Center 0 BUTTON 10 10 65 43 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 70 10 130 43 NIL crack T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL MONITOR 75 130 140 175 flaws flaw-count 0 1 11 MONITOR 145 130 210 175 % flawed 100 * flaw-count / cell-count 2 1 11 PLOT 10 180 210 330 Crack-Plot NIL NIL 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 true false PENS "Cracked" 1.0 0 -16777216 true SWITCH 10 50 130 83 remove-voids? remove-voids? 0 1 -1000 SLIDER 10 90 130 123 flaw-size flaw-size 0 20 20 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL MONITOR 10 130 70 175 NIL holes 0 1 11 SWITCH 135 90 225 123 lines? lines? 0 1 -1000 SLIDER 135 50 227 83 frequency frequency 10 100 30 10 1 NIL HORIZONTAL @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- This model simulates the effect of randomly punching holes in a sheet of material to experimentally determine how many hole-punches can occur before the material fails. For this simulation "failure" is defined as the emergence of a continuous flaw between opposite edges. Flaws are colored as follows: Blue: Connected to the bottom Red: Connected to the right Dk Green: Connected to the left Lt Green: Connected to the top (Flaws connected to adjacent edges are a blend of the two colors) Ligher color: flaws created because all surrounding material was removed. In other words, a drop-out. When the material fails, the failure areas will be colored differently than the other flaws. HOW TO USE IT ------------- Use the 'flaw-size' slider to select the size of the punched holes. Size 0 is a single patch. Click setup, then go. Void-removal is the process of finding bits of material that are unconnected to any edge, and removing those bits. Removing voids gives a more accurate measure of the amount of matierial removed. However, it is a time-intensive process. To speed up the model, you can turn off void-removal. THINGS TO TRY AND NOTICE ------------------------ Run the model with different flaw sizes. How does flaw size affect the number of flaws before failure? How does flaw size appear to affect the % flawed at failure? EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- This model uses "circular" flaws. Extend the model to create flaws in the form of lines, or other shapes. COPYRIGHT & LICENSE ------------------- This work is Copyright © 2004 James P. Steiner. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/1.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 ant true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 136 61 129 46 144 30 119 45 124 60 114 82 97 37 132 10 93 36 111 84 127 105 172 105 189 84 208 35 171 11 202 35 204 37 186 82 177 60 180 44 159 32 170 44 165 60 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 95 135 103 139 117 125 149 137 180 135 196 150 204 166 195 161 180 174 150 158 116 164 102 Polygon -7500403 true true 149 186 128 197 114 232 134 270 149 282 166 270 185 232 171 195 149 186 Polygon -7500403 true true 225 66 230 107 159 122 161 127 234 111 236 106 Polygon -7500403 true true 78 58 99 116 139 123 137 128 95 119 Polygon -7500403 true true 48 103 90 147 129 147 130 151 86 151 Polygon -7500403 true true 65 224 92 171 134 160 135 164 95 175 Polygon -7500403 true true 235 222 210 170 163 162 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